Revision of QuestionCopyright.org -- Introduction and FAQ from Tue, 2008-01-15 21:15
Welcome to QuestionCopyright.org. Our mission is to educate the public about the history of copyright, and to promote methods of distribution that do not depend on restricting people from making copies.
Copyright was originally designed to stabilize and subsidize distribution, not creation. Its purpose has never been to provide an economic basis for creativity. Today, the Internet has fundamentally changed the economics of distribution; copyright is now far more of a hindrance than a help at connecting creators with their audiences.
Frequently Asked Questions:
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Was copyright invented by writers and artists, to protect themselves?
No. Actually, it was invented by publishers, to preserve an information ownership monopoly based on a government censorship policy.
The first copyright law was a 1556 censorship statute in England. It granted the Company of Stationers, a London guild, exclusive rights to own and run printing presses. Company members registered books under their own name, not the author's name, and these registrations could be transferred or sold only to other Company members. In exchange for their government-granted monopoly on the book trade, the Stationers aided the government's censors, by controlling what was printed, and by searching out illegal presses and books — they even had the right to burn unauthorized books and destroy presses. They were, in effect, a private, for-profit information police force.
After the Revolution of 1688, the government loosened its control over the press. No longer desiring strong censorship, Parliament decided to allow the Stationers' monopoly to expire. This was a direct economic threat to the Stationers' monopoly-based livelihood, and they responded by proposing a compromise: they argued that authors have a "natural right" of ownership in their works, and that furthermore this right could be transferred to others by contract. The placement of original ownership with the author was a smart political ploy, by which the Stationers avoided charges that they were attempting to resurrect the old (and unpopular) monopoly mechanisms. But the stipulation that these new copyrights were a form of property, and therefore transferrable, showed the real motive behind their proposal. The Stationers correctly foresaw that authors would need to transfer copyright to a publisher as an inducement to print, and that therefore the publishers' position would about the same as it had been before. Indeed, their hand would be strengthened, because now the exclusive "ownership" of a work would now be based on well-established property law, instead of the temporary whim of the government.
The Stationers persuaded Parliament, and the result was the Statute of Anne: a copyright law created by the publishing industry, designed around the interests of the publishing industry, and modeled on a defunct censorship system. The Stationers' argument was essentially economic: they claimed that they could not afford to print books (and thus encourage authors to write books) without protection against competition. There were some technological and economic reasons why the Stationers' argument was plausible; remember too that they were monopoly-softened trade group worried about suddenly being asked to survive without special protections.
But there was no uprising of writers, clamoring counterintuitively for the right to prevent people from copying their works. The writers themselves didn't participate much in the debate around the creation of copyright. The argument was crafted and presented by publishers.
Thus copyright is not really about subsidizing creation; it is about subsidizing replication, and it was designed around the dominant replication technology of its time: the printing press.
For more detailed information about the history of copyright, see our bibliography page.
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Do musicians, writers, and artists depend on copyright to earn a living?
The vast majority of musicians, writers, and artists will never see a dime of copyright royalties in their lives. For the small percentage who do, it will mostly amount to beer money — a nice consolation prize, but hardly enough to make a real difference in their lives, let alone to provide an economic incentive to create.
The copyright lobby rarely talks about the majority of artists. It prefers to talk about the superstars: the tiny, tiny minority of famous artists whose works are backed by the marketing power of the publishing and record industries. There's nothing objectionable about these superstars, some of whom are quite talented, but to treat them as representative of artists in general would be to confuse marketing with reality. Most artists' lives look nothing like theirs, and never will, under the current spoils system.
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But without copyright, how will artists get credit for their work?
This is one of the favorite ploys of the copyright industry: to pretend that preventing people from sharing your work is somehow related to preventing people from claiming that they wrote your work. For example, here's Hilary Rosen, the former head of the RIAA, describing the speeches she gave at schools and colleges, in which she urged students to adopt the industry's views about information ownership:
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Analogies are what really work best. I ask them, "What have you done last week?" They may say they wrote a paper on this or that. So I tell them, "Oh, you wrote a paper, and you got an A? Would it bother you if somebody could just take that paper and get an A too? Would that bug you?" So this sense of personal investment does ring true with people.
Of course, people who swap music files do not replace the artist's name with their own. If Hilary Rosen had asked instead: "Would it bother you if somebody could just show a copy of your paper around, so other people could benefit from what you wrote, and see that you got an A?" the students would have answered "No, we aren't bothered by that at all," which isn't what Rosen wanted to hear.
Copyright does not prevent plagiarism, it prevents copying — that's why it's called "copyright". They're two unrelated things, and it's a pity the copyright lobby tries to make people think that permitting copying would somehow encourage plagiarism. (If anything, the free flow of copies in electronic form encourages accurate attribution, because when there are many copies available, a quick Internet search easily reveals the original author.)
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Is copying a copyrighted work the same as stealing it?
If I steal your bicycle, now you have no bicycle. If I copy your song, now we both have it.
When the industry uses loaded words like "stealing", "theft", and "piracy", they are using linguistic tricks, trying to equate copying with deprivation of property. Increasing the number of copies somehow results in a decrease in... what, exactly? Certainly not in the amount of money available to creators, which is precious little to begin with.
Sharing isn't stealing, it's the opposite of stealing. And sharing certainly isn't like boarding ships on the high seas, holding the crew at gunpoint, and stealing their cargo!
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Would creativity dry up without copyright?
If there had been no worthwhile or enduring artistic work produced before copyright, this would be a more plausible argument. But the world before modern copyright was hardly a barren cultural desert: Homer, Chaucer, Shakespeare, J.S. Bach, Li Bo, Leonardo Da Vinci, Michelangelo... The history of human cultural production shows no evidence that sustaining creativity somehow depends on restricting its fruits. And no one can look at the wellspring of artistic activity that has emerged on the Internet in the last few years and come to the conclusion that allowing people to copy is somehow an obstacle to artistic progress.
Copyright does not support creativity, it supports distribution. As distribution costs drop slowly to zero, copyright becomes more of a hindrance than a help to creators.
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So are you advocating the abolition of copyright?
We're trying to make it possible for people to consider what abolition would actually mean, by changing the way copyright is thought about and debated. Real understanding will lead to better policy; if abolition is that better policy, then so be it.
We do advocate, at the very least, a drastic reduction in the scope and duration of copyright terms; we've found it hard to avoid that conclusion after looking closely at the effects of copyright in the Internet Age. But whether outright abolition is preferable to simply taming copyright is a more complex question, and one we don't pretend to be able to answer with certainty.
It's also not a question that can be answered in the current rhetorical climate around copyright, which is too often still concerned with mostly unrelated issues like attribution, plagiarism, and the economic basis of creativity. Many people think those are what copyright is about, and are unaware that copyright was actually designed around the limitations of the printing press, not around the needs of creators, and that even today, copyright is far more valuable to publishers than it is to artists. In a world where distribution costs are quickly dropping to zero, and ambient findability is making successful plagiarism a thing of the past, it is important that we skeptically examine any policy that interferes with the free flow of information.
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Disney and Their copyright
Disney felt free to use the characters of European fables and folk tales (Snowhite, Cinderella etc.), because there was no copyright on them, it didn't exist back then, and even if it had existed, it would have expired by the 1930's. Because copyright is to expire sooner or later, like patents are. Stories must enter the public domain and become an universal treasure, accessible and modifiable by all humankind. Now they don't want us to do with Mickey Mouse what they did to Cinderella.
from Bad Taste Bears
Wounderful work.........................................
HI,Having the great idea, creating the magnificent work of art, or coming up with the next fad is only the first step to cashing in on your creativity and hard work. Next up is protecting your intellectual property. This blog is for anyone who is intrigued by those three not-so-little words: patents, copyrights, and trademarks. That means you, if: you think you might be the next Thomas Edison or may be another J.K. Rowling; your company has recently developed a bold new corporate logo or eye-catching trademark; you're thinking of a new concept in software, one that can revolutionize the entire manufacturing process; and, you've just dreamed up the latest in 'latest things'. "Patents, Copyrights & Trademarks For Dummies" explains, in layman's terms, the basic nature, function, and application of intellectual property (IP) rights, including how you can acquire those rights, wield them effectively against your competitors, or exploit them lucratively through licensing agreements and other rewarding adventures.This blog covers all of these critical concepts, and more: working with IP professionals; presenting a patent explanation; determining what is copyrighted and what isn't; protecting your commercial identity; inspecting the basic elements of a license; determining infringement; and, avoiding the ten worst naming blunders.
I just wanted to thanks to all for providing such great article. I'm glad you enjoyed it , and I don't mind at all-
Opal Ring
I can't link internally to this document.
It would be very helpful if this page (like many FAQ pages) had internal anchors (HTML <a id="blahblah" />, or you can even change the <strong> tags to <strong id="blahblah">). Then others could link from my web page to a specific question in the FAQ, rather than to the FAQ itself. In particular, I'd like to link to the question on plagiarism; a link to the entire FAQ (with text referring to the difference between copyright and plagiarism) would just be confusing.
PS: It was very difficult to post this comment, because the system kept thinking that I couldn't do the math problem. It turned out that I needed both Javascript and cookies turned on to do this, yet there was no indication of this in the error message! Fortunately, I really wanted to make the comment, else I'd have given up long ago.
Re: I can't link internally to this document.
You can link internally to the document now. I've given each section a named anchor: hold the mouse still over the text and after a moment the anchor name for that section should pop up. For example, if you hover over any part of the section entitled "Does copyright protect artists from plagiarism?", you should see the word "plagiarism" pop up. Then you know that the internal link to that section is:
The error message for the math question now says that you must have Javascript and cookies enabled (apparently, it has for a while, I don't remember when we made that change).
Thanks for the suggestions!
Re: I can't link internally to this document.
Great, thanks! Now I have a better link in Plagiarism section of the copyright statement for my own work.
The captcha prerequisites are also clear now too.
Re: I can't link internally to this document.
That's a great statement, thanks for pointing it out!
You're missing something
While I agree with the thrust of your argument, I think you've created a false dichotomy that leaves out an important dimension of artistic production: the cost.
You mention a spectrum of creative artists, ranging from the unknown talent who spends his (spare) time creating works that, whatever their merits, will never earn their creator more than "beer money" at best, to the ludicrously hyped superstar who, whatever her merits, is so wealthy that her children's children will never have to do an honest day's work in their lives. And yes, there are the publishers, who rely on the latter to make their revenue, and who abuse their position to keep the former firmly subservient. So far, agreed.
But there's another class of "creative artists" in our world, and that's those who have to invest truly colossal sums of money, not just in their marketing, but in the creation itself. Many Hollywood films fall into this category. Whatever the merits of those films, they are undeniably expensive to make, requiring the services of thousands of people who all want to be paid. Making a *copy* of their finished product, however, is virtually free.
Now: I personally agree with the philosophy that "most people want to be honest", and are willing to pay a reasonable price to the creators. But as things stand, that's not good enough for movie producers. They raise money from investors, investors demand a return on that money, and the producer who can promise a bigger return than their rival - by relying on a tried and trusted distribution mechanism, promising a return on *every single disc sold* - will impress more investors than the one who can't.
If you really believe in a society based on trust, where copyright is redundant, it's going to take more than argument. It's going to take money, and lots of it. Would you be willing to put your own cash into a foundation to support the production of expensive creative works, to be distributed on the low-price model you suggest? More importantly, do you think you could raise a couple of *billion* dollars on that basis? Until the answer to this question is "yes", you're really just spitting in the wind.
You bring up and excellent
You bring up and excellent point about the cost. I think that technology has changed the cost structure of media fundamentally and copyright is a tool used by many to combat that change. "Cost" has always been used to explain high prices and unfair contract terms. Technology has slashed the cost of production, promotion, and distribution for a great many works to the point that it is entirely possible to self-produce, self-promote, and self-distribute. Isn't it time that the unit price of these works changed to reflect that?
If you took the big greedy corporations out of the equation, how much would it cost a writer to write? How much would it cost a musician to make music if he didn't have to pay back his label for their "services"? Sure, you still have to produce the work, and sure you have to promote the work, but how much would all of that cost if you didn't have to rely on monopoly softened publishers, producers, and promoters? Thanks to computers and the internet it is cheap and easy to create, collaborate, and communicate. You may not have what it takes to promote or distribute, but it is cheap and easy to work with those who do thanks to the internet. That's how the open source software community has been able to accomplish all that it has. Are the movie studios, record labels, and publishers using these technologies effectively to reduce their costs? If they are, why don't their prices reflect that? If they're not, then they owe it to their investors and the consumer to start doing so.
Speaking of prices and costs, if you were guaranteed to only make lower middle class wages for your creative work, would you still create it? How many great talents get passed over by producers and publishers because their work may not have the kind of critical mass necessary to produce easy profits for a label, studio, or publisher?
Re: You're missing something
Thanks for the comments, vetinarii. I think you're right: this is a point that has to be addressed
We're adding more material to the site about the idea of drastically shortening copyright terms, as opposed to outright abolition. While I think that abolition would have many more good effects than bad, there's something to be said for taking smaller steps too. Eben Moglen has pointed out (regarding software patents) that the difference between the current term lengths and reasonable term lengths is not just a quantitative difference, but a qualitative one. In most scientific and technical fields today, seventeen years is an eternity. If patent terms were shortened to, say, three years, then even without improving the patent examination system a whit, the problem would be hugely alleviated.
I think the same is true in copyright. The difference between a century (which is a rough approximation of "life of author plus 70 years", the current term) and, say, 5 years, would be huge, in terms of the sharing and the derivative works that would become possible earlier. We must not let the perfect be the enemy of the good: there are many people whose conservative instincts lead them, understandably, to shy away from complete abolition, yet who would readily consider drastic shortening of term lengths.
That's where your point comes in. Let's take Hollywood blockbuster movies. Even the biggest of these, the hundred-million dollar special effects flicks, are expected to make the majority of their profits within the first six months after release. Note that's not just make back their investment, but actually make most of their profits in that short time window. Why, then, is it necessary for the studio to maintain an exclusive distribution and derivative work right for the next 95 years? If the standard copyright term were even 1 year, it would be enough for most movies; by making it 3 or 5, we would bring in even the stragglers.
There are some mildly complex economic arguments that remain to be dealt with here. It would, of course, be ridiculous for a content company to claim that they can reliably predict a revenue stream for a given work beyond 5 years, so at first glance it seems obvious that those long-term, low-level revenues couldn't be a factor in whether that work got created in the first place.
However, the studios will make the argument that, although they cannot predict with certainty whether any particular work will bring in significant revenue over the long haul, they can predict average revenues statistically — in other words, they might say they know that out of a hundred movies, on average five will still be bringing in significant income twenty years down the road.
Now, I think this is bunk for a lot of reasons :-), and I don't think in practice that movie studios make decisions in this way, but it's an argument that will need to be answered in detail.
Anyway, thanks again for your comment. We're slowly adjusting the site to focus more on improving the quality of the debate, and less on any one particular recommendation. Our main goal is to open people's minds to the possibility that other systems might be both more artist-friendly and more audience-friendly.
Here's the thing.
Copyright is not about getting rich, nor is it even about putting food on the table. Society has made it that way, and you're only serving to reinforce it.
The stated purpose of copyright--well, US copyright anyway--is to give artists an incentive to create. Since people create things anyway (it's human nature), there's really no need for a reward system, let alone one that rewards people decades after they've died, so that their grandchildren's grandchildren, who've never done a thing to deserve the money, benefit from it.
Besides, I don't see how copyright leads to very many unique creations. Instead, it gives authors the opportunity to create something intersting once, and then profit off of that same creation tens or even hundreds of times over (movies, sequels, licensing, etc.). That's not what copyright is supposed to be about, but here's the paradox: copyright's very nature inexorably leads to just such a situation. Despite its stated purpose, it only encourages authors to milk their creations for all they're worth. This is never a good thing.
More Devil's Advocate
I would also like to see a couple of points tightened up here; I am also convinced that modern copyright does far more harm than good, and if any headway is to be made against it, the arguments against it have to be very solid.
The Hillary Rosen example says that her question should have been "Would it bother you if somebody could just show a copy of your paper around, so other people could benefit from what you wrote, and see that you got an A?" and uses a term paper as an example, but corporate copyright proponemts would say that this is an invalid example since the student isn't *selling* the term paper and deriving economic benefit from it. While not all copyright involves commerce, of course, copyright-protected commercial works are the target of most copyright defenders, and you're going to have to address that - unless you want to see copyright changed only for works not for sale. I'd suggest changing this example.
Then:
"When the industry uses loaded words like "stealing", "theft", and "piracy", they are using linguistic tricks, trying to equate copying with deprivation of property. Increasing the number of copies somehow results in a decrease in... what, exactly? Certainly not in the amount of money available to creators, which is precious little to begin with."
While I agree with the thrust of your point, the last sentence is a problem. It *does* result in less money available to creators. If I copy a CD instead of buying it, or download a scan of a comic book instead of buying a paper copy, that's one less copy sold and whatever percentage of sales goes to the creator(s) *is* diminished. You may (correctly) argue that the amount lost per non-sale is very small, because of de rigeur creator-hostile publishing deals, but you can't argue that it's zero. It's also not the target of the aims of copyright reform, because if publishers suddenly started giving creators direct percentages and much better deals, would you be OK with copyright as it stands today? I wouldn't, myself.
Ultimately I think the argument for copyright reform can't, and mustn't, revolve around the core idea that copying doesn't deprive creators of income. It does. Although it's not a physical-theft model, that's not the incentive for creators anyway. They WANT lots of people to have copies of their work, they just want them to pay for them. I think the ultimate argument has to be that the ability to have their work copied is a net positive for them, as it will spread their work to people who otherwise would never have seen it, and it will result in more paying customers than if their work had been restricted. I do believe that if consumers are given the opportunity to be honest at prices they can afford, they will. $20 DRM-infected CDs (with $19.95 going to the publisher) are a complete scam, but $3-$5 DRM-free CDs with (50% going to the artist) would sell like hotcakes.
As far as the physical-scarcity model goes, there's also the argument to be made that the lack of a gain is NOT the same thing as a loss, and that's one of the RI/MPAA's core arguments. They get their piracy figures by pretending that every joe sixpack who downloads a CD would have gone to the record store and bought that CD if the download had been prevented. This is plainly ludicrous and needs to be hit hard. The vast majority (although no, not the totality) of illegal copies are made or acquired, I believe, by people who absolutely would NOT have gone to the store with cash in hand otherwise. They're browsing. I myself have bought many, many CDs by artists I would never have heard of in a million years had I not been exposed to them by filesharing. There's also the argument that humanity benefits far more through the dissemination of art and research and scholarship than through the existence of rich publishers restricting the aforementioned, and that a system based on mutual respect between creators and consumers is far, far better than one based on mistsrust and coercion. I think those have to be points we lead with in our arguments.
Just want to anticipate what hecklers and shills might be pointing out in this FAQ. Keep up the good work.
Re: More Devil's Advocate
Thanks, TomatoMan. I basically agree with you: the rhetorical strategy here needs a bit of improvement. I've already described elsewhere what sorts of improvements are in the works; I hope you'll have a chance to review them and probe for weak spots, over the coming weeks.
Devil's advocate...
While I agree wholeheartedly with the mission of QuestionCopyright.org, I'm interested in seeing the response to the following...
Granted, there was a lot of intellectual creation going on long before copyright existed, but it was also nearly impossible to make copies of anything back then. While it's not a clear-cut case of apples & oranges, there is quite a bit of difference. Before inventions like the printing press came along, it required nearly as much effort to copy something as it did for the original act of creation. The printing press changed that, and the Internet dropped the costs of copying to practically zero.
Of course, I'm only playing devil's advocate; I don't actually agree with the view above. Copyright is indeed artificial. Some have said that "real" property is also artificial in that it's only upheld by the laws/government, just like copyright. However, there's a key difference: real property is rivalrous, so laws are needed to control such limited resources. It's the classic "steal your bicycle/copy your song" distinction. If, in the future, real property could be replicated just as easily as a song can be copied, then property laws would also become obsolete.
Re: Devil's advocate...
Actually, I think your point should be taken seriously (even if you only meant it as a "devil's advocate" argument). In fact, I've started addressing it at some length when I give talks on copyright now (see this video, for example).
The Internet is in a sense the opposite of the printing press, rather than an augmentation or extension of it. On the Internet, making a perfect copy from an existing copy is the natural thing to do — it's the path of least resistance. You'd have to put in extra effort to make an imperfect copy.
But the printing press is completely different. If all you have is an existing copy (not the original printing plates), you have to work very, very hard to make another copy from it, and mistakes will inevitably creep in. The printer's monopoly — on which modern copyright is based — made some sense, given these technological constraints. In order to have reliable, repeatable distribution of the same work, you need to work from the same set of plates, and this falls naturally in line with the possessor of those plates having a monopoly on the right to print the work. Otherwise, rival printers would have an economic incentive to distribute degraded copies.
So copyright, while clearly artificial, did have a credible case in the past, both artistically and economically. Of course, it was a case based on the technology of printing and the needs of distributors, rather than on the needs of authors (or rather, it was a compromise, though still one fundamentally structured around the printers' situation).
As you point out, however, these dynamics have been upended by the Internet. We shouldn't be using conventions descended from a censorship regime and designed around an obsolete technology to dictate our information control laws today!
Re: I Respectfully Disagree
I've been perusing the site a bit more, and there are some matters which intrigue me. I very often see references to the changes the Internet and other modern technologies have wrought, however, no offense, but in my humble opinion these suggestions seem to miss their own point in what I've read so far. Perhaps this is the very reason I see people prospering more from their artistic endeavors than is mentioned; technology and its decreasing expense have created the capability to publish one's own work, or more commonly among those I am familiar with, to pool their resources into very small companies with their own best interests in mind rather than the gluttonous corporate profit margins which I notice are mentioned so frequently, and offer their works at very low costs through this method. There's a great likelihood that in time the traditional business model will wither on the vine in favor of a leaner and more innovative one, but in order for this to occur people need to respect the need of the artists to earn a return on their investment, and from what I've witnessed personally the overwhelming majority do not, and operate under the misconceptions that a work being available online automatically makes it public domain, and that Fair Use covers just about any use, and so on. Therefore, I vehemently disagree that any radical shift over to a voluntary system of "donation" will be sufficient given what appears in my eyes to be the prevailing attitude of the digital age. My thought is that no drastic change in the current treaties and laws has any chance of coming to fruition without widespread support from those people whose interests they claim to be protecting, and as such the best chance of dramatically reducing the term of copyright will likely rest in making the protection during that shortened period stronger, stricter, far less ambiguous (specifically in the US), and more consistent. Once again, nothing more than my own thoughts, for what little they're worth.
I Respectfully Disagree...
I'm still in favor of the opinion that reasonable, justified copyright enforcement has increased in importance as reproduction has become effortless and nearly instantaneous. As was already mentioned, the efforts involved in reproducing creative work prior to relatively recent times served as a natural restriction, whereas today there is very little time to receive financial compensation before the content is so widely available at no charge that there would be no sense in purchasing it, aside from fear of breaking the law.
I can certainly agree the current standard of, most commonly, 50-70 years after death depending on the country does seem a bit absurd, since there's obviously no threat to the creator's livelihood. However, I don't think five years after creation would be reasonable for most media; while Hollywood blockbusters may make returns quickly due to extensive promotion and a limited opportunity to view them in the iconic venue, graphic artists, musicians, and authors are usually fortunate to have any success by that point. Even the original Star Trek television series didn't experience its full popularity during such a brief period of time.
While expressing opinions and fighting for things you believe in are noble goals which I admire even if I don't share those views, there is one statement in the main article that I confidently believe could use some credible support to make the argument more valid:
"The vast majority of musicians, writers, and artists will never see a dime of copyright royalties..."
I've encountered several people each in two of those fields, and they all seem to benefit quite well from royalties with respect to their market, despite not being famous. Perhaps they all happen to fall into some unusually fortunate minority, but I'd prefer to see some well-researched evidence regarding that claim.
And because I can't resist, I'll jump on my soapbox, though I apologize in advance for being so long-winded. Bear in mind it's just a point of view and not intended to be a statement of accurate facts, nor do I think it's any more valid than anyone else's...
I don't agree that historical periods can be so easily compared to current conditions. The Renaissance, for example, was funded by papal and courtly patronage, not exactly commonplace for works of art in our times. In a modern, capitalist, industrialized society, income from creative works is usually entirely dependent on consumer purchases of mass reproductions, a commercial market which significantly decreases when the same exact work is almost immediately available for free, or even sometimes for the profit of someone else, due to modern technology. Furthermore, I personally believe this is theft, however what is referred to as being stolen is indeed not an object, but instead, time and effort. It is dangerous ground not to respect a monetary value for that unless there is first a fundamental change in society. For example, an automobile factory worker does not contribute any of their physical possessions into the product, and yet, I'm sure most people would consider the company refusing to pay wages to employees for their labor to be committing a form of theft. As far as I'm aware, falsely taking credit for work, though quite upsetting, is relatively rare, so not as common a concern to copyright owners as not being compensated for their work. Is spending twelve hours a day fashioning a product out of words or paint less deserving of financial benefit than the same amount of time creating with wood or plastic, and is this due to the fact that the former are less physically strenuous tasks, or simply because their results are easily slapped onto the bed of a scanner? Should the mere convenience with which one can violate someone's rights mean those rights are inherently obsolete, and if so, what of privacy and identity, both of which can be easily compromised through electronic means?